Bibliographic record
Abstract
Italian immigration to Canada between Italian unification in 1861 and 1981 can be estimated to have totalled almost 700,000.The large-scale movement of people began at the turn of the twentieth century and occurred in two major phases: an early wave between 1900 and World War I and a more recent influx from 1950 to 1970.The first phase was largely characterized by peasants from southern Italy, and it was divided into three interconnected currents: a dominant sojourning movement, a pioneer stream that put down roots in essentially unsettled parts of Canada, and an urban flow that gave rise to fairly complete communities.During this phase, Canadian immigration figures place the number of Italians entering the country at 119,770, the apex being in 1913 with 27,704, just before the war interrupted arrivals.In the second phase 514,000 Italians came to Canada, the high point being in 1956, when 29,806 individuals entered the country.This period witnessed the emergence of a distinct Italian-Canadian entity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.018 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".