Brian Lavery, Anson’s Navy: Building a Fleet for Empire 1744–1763 by Andrew Lambert
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reviews 269 documented, the early days, when they were still playing by the acknowledged rules of war, are often overlooked.Kurowski also examines such problems as the reliability of German torpedoes, providing an interesting comparison for readers interested in how the US Navy responded to similar issues that plagued their fleet after their entrance into the Second World War.The book concludes with the winding down of U-48's career, as newly developed subsurface technologies and tactics required adjustments that rendered U-Boat practices from the beginning of the war less effective.Anyone interested in the technical and tactical aspects of early Second World War submarine warfare will find this work interesting.Using U-48 as an example, Kurowski examines how U-Boats fought before the implementation of wolf packs, why wolf pack tactics emerged and how they evolved along with other combat techniques.This book should also appeal to students looking for basic statistics on early Second World War U-boats, and the performance of the German U-Boat navy, throughout the war.Drawing extensively from various primary and secondary German sources, Kurowski makes excellent use of research that might be otherwise unavailable to students outside Germany, affording new insights and information to broader scholarship.Kurowski's exploration of the technical and tactical limitations and problems of U-48, reveals Germany's early wartime difficulties.Their lack of available submarines and ineffective torpedoes offers an interesting comparison with their Allied adversaries.As Kurowski notes, the declining effectiveness of single submarines in the face of evolving Allied technology and tactics as the war progressed, forced the Germany Navy to alter the way their submarines waged war.This period is often overlooked in conventional studies of both the Battle of the Atlantic and the Second World War.Viewing German U-Boat activity in the early days of the Second World War through the periscope of a single submarine allows Kurowski to introduce new students to the subject, and still provide something new for more experienced readers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".