Experimental investigation on the tensile strength of freshwater freeze-bonds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The strength of the freeze-bonds between ice blocks has been found to significantly affect the strength and failure mechanism of ice rubble and ice ridges. Limited information on the tensile strength of freeze-bonds is presently available. A new testing apparatus and method has been developed to study the tensile strength of freeze-bonds under submerged, confined conditions as expected in natural ice ridges and rubble. A total of 30 experiments have been carried out to study the effect of normal confinement pressure and submersion time on the tensile strength of freshwater freeze-bonds. The confinement pressures ranged from 25 kPa to 100 kPa and freeze-bonds formed in 5 min to 3 h of submersion. The strength of freeze-bonds has been found to increase with the increase of the confinement pressure. The development of the tensile strength of freeze-bonds by submersion time was found to be similar to the development of the freeze-bond shear strength. Empirical equations for estimation of the freeze-bond strength as a function of confinement pressure is presented.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".