Multi stage Frac & Testing of High Angle HPHT Ultra Sour Exploratory Well: Challenges Encountered & Mitigated
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Reservoir production challenges are always escalated when the concentration of H2S and CO2 are extremely high. This paper highlights the challenges encountered, mitigation techniques used to overcome hurdles, and remaining tasks in testing the first deep high angle High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) exploratory well completed with Multi-Stage Completion (MSC) in the presence of ultra-sour fluid (H2S-31% and CO2-38%) in Kuwait. The subject Jurassic well is drilled at a highly deviated angle up to 19,000 ft in measured depth (MD). The completion installed is composed of an open-hole MSC and three stages of frac ports tied back with a Liner Hanger to the upper 4.5 inch tubing. After setting the completion, the 15.8 ppg oil base mud (OBM) completion fluid was displaced with 11.6 ppg brine. DataFrac treatment and analyses were followed by acid fracturing treatment in all three stages. Post-fracturing well clean-up is achieved by continuously pumping Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) scavenger to protect the entire surface test equipment set up. Employing self-containing breathing apparatus for personnel safety and having two flare pits permitted uninterrupted well testing for 13 days. During the well clean-up, the very high H2S and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)concentrations in knocked out fluid were 31% and 38%, respectively. However, due to the extremely high sour nature of reservoir fluid and limitation of separator metallurgy, the flow rate measurement is limited to only 2 hours. Various technical and operational safety challenges were safely handled during the well preparation, acid fracturing, testing, and flaring operation without any HSE incident. Moreover, continuous flow rate measurements are not achieved due to equipment limitations. Currently, a multi-phase flow meter (MPFM) which can handle high H2S and CO2 is under evaluation to conduct long term well testing to ascertain the production potential. The completion of three stage acid fracturing treatments and safely testing the high sour deviated well in HPHT conditions of an exploration well for the first time in the State of Kuwait is a remarkable success, paving the way for future field development in similar well conditions. However, production and processing of this highly sour fluid will be challenging for field development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".