Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based on the Armenian chronicle attributed to Sebēos, some scholars have argued for a large, failed Muslim expedition against Constantinople in or around 654 CE during ʿUthmān’s caliphate and Muʿāwiya’s governorship of Syria. Others seem to ignore the possibility, especially since there is no reference to such a siege in Arabic-language sources beyond perhaps one sentence in the history of Khalīfa b. al-Khayyāṭ. The poet Abū al-ʿIyāl al-Hudhalī, active in Egypt during the reigns of ʿUmar and ʿUthmān, provides a third possible source for this event in his description of a major Muslim military defeat against the Byzantines. Julius Wellhausen, in an overlooked article, noticed the historical significance of the poem but misdated it to the 660s. This essay redates the poem to the early to mid-650s and suggests that it refers to an early failed assault on Constantinople. It further argues that although the event is virtually ignored by the Arabic-language sources, it can help explain the Egyptian military’s hostility to ʿUthmān, which culminated in his assassination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.148 | 0.128 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".