Comment on acp-2023-3
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>) are principle components of air pollution and serve as important ozone precursors. As the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) experiences some of the worst air quality in the United States, reducing NO<sub>x</sub> emissions is a pressing need, yet quantifying current emissions is complicated due to a mixture of mobile and agriculture sources. We performed airborne eddy covariance flux measurements during the Re-Evaluating the Chemistry of Air Pollutants in CAlifornia (RECAP-CA) field campaign in June 2021. Combining footprint calculations and land cover statistics, we disaggregate the observed fluxes into component fluxes characterized by three different land cover types. On average we find emissions of 2.95 mg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> over highways, 1.24 mg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> over urban areas and 0.79 mg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> over croplands. The calculated NO<sub>x</sub> emissions using flux observations are utilized to evaluate anthropogenic emission inventories and soil NO<sub>x</sub> emission schemes. We show that two anthropogenic inventories for mobile sources, EMFAC (EMssion FACtor) and FIVE (Fuel-based Inventory for Vehicle Emissions), yield similar agreement with emissions derived from measured fluxes over urban regions with 24 % and 22 % low bias, respectively. Three soil NO<sub>x</sub> schemes, including MEGAN v3 (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), BEIS v3.14 (Biogenic Emission Inventory System) and BDISNP (Berkeley Dalhousie Iowa Soil NO Parameterization), show substantial underestimates over the study domain. Compared to the cultivated soil NO<sub>x</sub> emissions derived from measured fluxes, MEGAN and BEIS are lower by more than one order of magnitude and BDISNP is lower by a factor of 2.7. Despite the low bias, observed soil NO<sub>x</sub> emissions and BDISNP present a similar spatial pattern as well as temperature dependence. We conclude that soil NO<sub>x</sub> is a key feature of the NO<sub>x</sub> emissions in the SJV and that a state-of-the-science model of these emissions is needed to simulate emissions for modeling air quality in the region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".