Fixing skeletal muscle PO<sub>2</sub>eliminates hyperinsulinemic microvascular blood flow response
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objective To determine if insulin‐mediated hyperemia is partially dependent on local muscle oxygen concentration. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were anesthetized, and the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) was reflected onto an inverted microscope. Intravital video microscopy sequences were recorded during baseline and hyperinsulinemic euglycemia. The muscle was reflected over a glass stage insert (Experiment 1a and 1b), or over a gas exchange chamber (Experiment 2), and microvascular capillary blood flow was recorded during sequential changes (7%–12%–2%–7%) of oxygen (O 2 ) concentration. Blood flow was measured by the red blood cell supply rate (SR) in number of cells per second. All animal protocols were approved by Memorial University's Institutional Animal Care Committee. Results In Experiment 1a, SR increased from 8.0 to 14.0 cells/s at baseline to euglycemia ( p = .01), while no significant SR variation was detected after performing a sham hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (Experiment 1b). In Experiment 2, SR decreased at 12% O 2 and increased at 2% O 2 , compared to 7% O 2 , under both experimental conditions. Magnitude of SR responses to oxygen oscillations during euglycemia were not different to those at baseline at each O 2 concentration ( p > .9). Conclusions Our results suggest that increased blood flow observed in response to insulin is eliminated if tissue oxygen microenvironment is fixed at a given oxygen concentration.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it