Rapid and safe electrochemical disinfection of salt water using laser-induced graphene electrodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bacterial infections account for one of the major causes of disease losses in aquaculture. Antibiotics are the most common method used to mitigate these infections, but over the last few decades this has given rise to antimicrobial resistance so finding alternatives to these treatments is imperative. Here we report a drug-free cost-effective method for rapid and safe water disinfection. A pair of laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes charged with low voltage (2 V) rapidly inactivated Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis in various circulating saltwater systems without significant changes in water quality parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature). Bacterial inactivation was enhanced with increasing water salinity during electrochemical disinfection using LIG electrodes. Meanwhile, the concentrations of oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide and ozone were generally low regardless of water salinities, and chlorine was not detectable during the treatments. No health impacts were observed in Japanese medaka exposed to eight days of 1 h LIG electrochemical treatments applied twice a day. Our findings suggest that rapid disinfection of saltwater could be achieved using LIG electrodes without negative health impacts on fish, providing potentially an efficient and safe method for controlling bacteria in saltwater systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".