Spatial patterns suggest movement of the filbert bud mite (Phytoptus avellanae) between plants and overwintering infestations in a hazelnut (Corylus spp.) orchard
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Phytoptus avellanae is an eriophyid mite that feeds on and damages the vegetative and floral buds of hazel (Corylus) species by forming galls that impact hazelnut yield. Phytoptus avellanaehas been identified on hybrid hazels (European hazel, Corylus avellana × American hazel, Corylus americana) that have been developed for hazelnut production in the eastern United States and Canada, but year-to-year variation in distribution and severity of P. avellanae damage within a field has not been studied. Additionally, whether P. avellanae differentially infests and damages the hybrid hazel plants vs. native Corylus americana plants is unknown. We assessed the spatial trends and species preferences of P. avellanae within a mixed-species field of hazels over a four-year period. All hazels were surveyed for galls caused by P. avellanae each spring and assigned a qualitative damage rating. We found that damage from P. avellanaewas higher on hybrid hazel plants than on C. americana in each year of the study. In general, P. avellanae ratings increased towards the center of the field in most years. Our results showed that plants surrounded by infested neighbors often had higher damage ratings, suggesting that P. avellanae moves between adjacent plants. Understanding the within field distribution and host-plant preferences of P. avellanae will contribute to the development of scouting and management recommendations, provide insight on risk of mite movement between wild hazels and hybrid plantings in North America, and inform breeding efforts for this harmful pest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".