“The early days”— underwater prehistoric archaeology in the USA and Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Here, we present a historical review of important published studies of submerged prehistoric sites in North America prior to 1990. Prior to that point, a review of mid-twentieth century literature on the subdiscipline demonstrates that “prehistoric” was not a significant element in practice. In the U.S.A. and Canada, very few professional papers or articles were published on the topic of submerged prehistoric archaeological sites until mid-century or later. Most early studies were written by avocational archaeologists or specialists from other disciplines interested in archaeology. This changed in the 1970s, when formal surveys, reports, and publications written by academically trained archaeologists increasingly appeared in peer-reviewed journals and edited volumes. By the 1980s the establishment of underwater prehistoric archaeology as new sub-discipline was well underway. This review is designed to give the reader a brief overview of the discipline as it matured, though we lack the space to provide a full critical analysis here.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.018 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".