Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nerve injury or disease often leads to intractable neuropathic pain. Axons which are severed undergo Wallerian degeneration. This involves the activation of Schwann cells, mast cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and epithelial cells and the release of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. These primary mediators sensitize sensory nerve endings, attract macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes, alter gene expression, promote post-translational modification of proteins and alter ion channel function. This evokes spontaneous activity in primary afferent neurons that is crucial for the onset and maintenance of pain. In addition, secondary mediators such as colony stimulating factor 1 are generated and released from primary afferent terminals. These promote release of tertiary mediators such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and interleukin 1b from spinal microglia and astrocytes. Tertiary mediators facilitate the generation and transmission of nociceptive information by facilitating excitatory transmission and attenuating inhibitory transmission in the dorsal horn. Transfer of information between neurons and immune cells is bidirectional. Neurons directly control immune cell function in a process termed neurogenic neuroinflammation. Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier allows access of immune cells to neurons in central pain pathways. This, together with neurogenic neuroinflammation, increases activity throughout the pain sensory system. This review provides an overview of processes involved in the generation and persistence of peripherally generated neuropathic pain. Attention is drawn to the idea that pain etiology is dependent on the nature of the injury and different processes operate in males compared to females.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".