LIPUS attenuates knee joint capsule fibrosis and athrogenic contracture through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract As one of main causes of athrogenic contracture, joint capsule fibrosis which is described as a condition with excessive deposition of collagen components and extracellular matrix (ECM) in joint capsule, is a response to long-time immobilization. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect and the underlying mechanism of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) in treating knee joint capsule fibrosis. A rabbit model of knee joint capsule fibrosis induced by 6w-immobilization was employed in this study. The degree of knee joint capsule fibrosis was assessed by measurement of arthrogenic contracture and Masson-staining. Furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured to assess the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Apart from these, the activation of TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway was determined through western blot analysis contained TGF-β1, Smad2, p-Smad2, Smad3, p-Smad3 and Smad4, and immunohistochemical staining for p-Smad2/3 positive cells. After 6 wk-immobilization, the degree of arthrogenic contracture and the collagen density were increased. Moreover, the activity of MDA was upregulated and the content of SOD was downregulated. Correspondingly, the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway was significantly activated. After 2 wk-LIPUS treatment, the degree of arthrogenic contracture and the collagen density were lower than 2 wk-remobilizaiton. Relatively, the activity of MDA was decresed and the content of SOD was increased compared with 2 wk-remobilizaiton. Importantly,the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway was significantly inhibited compared with 2 wk-remobilizaiton. Our findings thus conclude that high level ROS and hyperactive TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway might be one of the causes of knee joint capsule fibrosis induced by immobilization and LIPUS attenuated the severity of immobilization-induced knee joint capsule fibrosis through inhibition of the production of ROS and the activation of TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Our findings might provide a theoretical basis for knee joint capsule fibrosis after immobilization and provide the potential therapeutic target.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".