Bibliographic record
Abstract
Juan de Torquemada (b. 1388–d. 1468) was a Dominican cardinal, Thomist theologian, canon lawyer, and a polemicist. Born in Castile, his family possibly included converted Jews. Torquemada joined the Dominicans Order and attended the Council of Constance (1414–1418). After the council, he was sent to the University of Paris to study theology. Having concluded his studies, Torquemada returned to Castile, where he became prior in Valladolid and then Toledo. Torquemada entered public life when both his province and Juan II of Castile dispatched him to the Council of Basel (1431–1449). Upon arriving, he took the oath of incorporation and joined the deputation on reform. The council was resisting efforts of Pope Eugenius IV to move it to Italy to meet the Greeks, and it was trying to impose reforms on the Roman curia. Torquemada, fearing the council might curtail the privileges of the friars, wrote in opposition to Basel’s proposed reforms. To reward the friar for this opposition, Eugenius made Torquemada Master of the Sacred Palace, his theological adviser. When Eugenius tried to move the council to Ferrara, Torquemada joined him. The Basel assembly declared Eugenius deposed and elected its own pope, Felix V (Amadeus VIII of Savoy). Eugenius waged a diplomatic war against Basel with Torquemada as an envoy. He was in Florence, the new site of the council, for discussions leading to a brief-lived union of churches. He also debated papal supremacy with Cardinal Giuliano Cesarini, former president of Basel, being rewarded with promotion to cardinal. Cardinal Torquemada dressed as a friar but took part in curial business. The cardinal was involved in reforming religious houses in Rome and Castile. He also participated in four papal elections. These roles did not prevent Torquemada from writing devotional texts and polemics, including tracts attacking Islam and defending Jewish converts in Castile. One of the devotional texts is the Meditationes, one of the earliest printed texts in Italy. It was published in 1467 with woodcut illustrations based on frescos by Fra Angelico. Torquemada’s most important writing was the Summa de ecclesia (1453), dedicated to Pope Nicholas V. It addressed four subjects: the visible church; the papacy; general councils; heresy and schism. Torquemada was a papalist but no absolutist. He believed a pope could lose his office for heresy or endangering the church. Torquemada complemented his Summa with a commentary on Gratian’s Decretum, which was used by conciliarists to back conciliar supremacy. His thought on the church influenced Thomas de Vio (Cajetan), Robert Bellarmine, and the School of Salamanca.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.086 | 0.018 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".