Review of the causes of the unprecedented collapse of the United Grain Growers elevator in Thunder Bay, Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This is a case history of the unprecedented collapse of a pile-supported grain elevator which collapsed suddenly into the harbour in Thunder Bay, Ontario on September 23rd.,1959 after a service life without incident for over 30 years. Many similar grain elevators had been built and operated successfully in the area beginning in the 1880’s. Studies directed at establishing the possible cause(s) included: geotechnical investigations, interrogation of background on design, construction, operation and performance, and a forensic evaluation of evidence revealed during removal of the debris in preparation for reconstruction. The site soil conditions together with features of the collapse are described. The elevator had experienced only minor lateral movements which was in marked contrast to other pile-supported elevators in similar ground conditions nearby. This evidence was considered of particular significance. The collapse is attributed to several factors: the failure of the batter piles, followed by that of vertical piles; to the repairs of the revetment and the associated filling of voids, probably aggravated by a ship collision 6 days before the collapse.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".