BCG administration promotes the long-term protection afforded by a single-dose intranasal adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Despite medical interventions and several approved vaccines, the COVID-19 pandemic is continuing into its third year. Recent publications have explored single-dose intranasal (i.n.) adenovirus-based vaccines as an effective strategy for curbing SARS-CoV-2 in naïve animal models. However, the effects of prior immunizations and infections have yet to be considered within these models. Here, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Mycobacterium bovis BCG pre-immunization on a subsequent S-protein expressing i.n. Ad vaccination, termed Ad(Spike). We found that Ad(Spike) alone conferred long-term protection from severe SARS-CoV-2 pathology within a mouse model, yet it was unable to limit initial infection 6 months post-vaccination. While i.n. Ad(Spike) retains some protective effect after 6 months, a single administration of BCG-Danish prior to Ad(Spike) vaccination potentiates its ability to control viral replication of the B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant within the respiratory tract. Though BCG-Danish had no effect on the ability of Ad(Spike) to generate and maintain humoral immunity, it promoted the generation of cytotoxic and Th1 responses over suppressive FoxP3 + T REG cells in the lungs of infected mice. These data demonstrate a novel vaccination strategy that may prove useful in limiting future viral pandemics by potentiating the long-term efficacy of next generation mucosal vaccines within the context of the safe and widely distributed BCG vaccine. One sentence summary BCG enhances anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity and protection afforded by a novel adenovirus-vectored vaccine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".