Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter considers John Philip Sousa as a pre-echo of later middlebrow concerns. Sousa’s massive success as a popular bandleader circa 1890–1910 also positioned him as a respected public intellectual in matters musical. Sousa championed Wagner and ragtime alike, and yet he famously condemned sound recording’s democratizing affordances, helping to popularize the phrase “canned music” as a term of highbrow critique. As a beloved musical populist who nonetheless strongly criticized mass mediation, at the turn of the twentieth century Sousa thus encompassed conflicting vectors of the middlebrow impulse: to disseminate art to a mass public, on the one hand, and on the other, to chastise mass mediation’s degradation of art. The chapter begins with a discussion of some of the earliest US print appearances of the term “middlebrow” in the 1910s, the better then to understand how Sousa’s early views of both musical populism and musical elitism anticipated competing strands of later middlebrow debate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".