Inflammatory Response In The Small Intestine Induced By Hind Limb Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R): Role of iNOS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response negatively affects the function of many organs. In this study we assessed the mechanisms of remote intestinal inflammatory response elicited by hind limb I/R. To this end C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 1h of bilateral hind limb ischemia followed by 6h of reperfusion. Some mice were injected (s.c.) with iNOS inhibitor, 1400W (5mg/kg) immediately before induction of ischemia. The obtained results indicate that hind limb I/R results in dysfunction of the gut as assessed by the increased levels of protein in the lumen of small intestine. Also, there was a significant increase in TNF-α protein in the luminal samples. In addition, hind limb I/R resulted in an increase in PMN accumulation (index of inflammation; MPO assay) in the small intestine. Important to note, that the highest MPO activity was found in duodenum in comparison to MPO levels in jejunum and ileum. On the contrary, induction of iNOS and inducible heme oxygenase (HO-1) at the protein level (Western blot) was most notable in jejunum and ileum, whereas both proteins were undetectable in duodenum. Interfering with iNOS activity (1400W) significantly attenuated the total and TNF-α protein levels in the gut lumen, and reduced PMN accumulation in duodenum. While inhibition of iNOS had no effect on iNOS expression in the small intestine, at the same time up-regulation of HO-1 in jejunum and ileum in response to hind limb I/R was significantly down-regulated in 1400W-treated mice. Taken together these data indicate that hind limb I/R induces remote inflammatory response in the small intestine. iNOS-derived NO plays and important role in this phenomenon (HSFO-NA5580 and MOP-68848)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".