Centrifuge Modeling to Estimate p-y Curves in Unsaturated Cohesionless Soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The p-y curve method is widely used in geotechnical engineering to understand the behavior of laterally loaded piles. Relatively little experimental research has been done to assess the lateral response of piles in unsaturated sands using the p-y curve method. This paper presents p-y curves obtained from centrifuge tests to show the influence of the unsaturated soil on the lateral resistance and, consequently, the p-y curves. A solid cylindrical steel pile was used to evaluate the lateral response of piles when embedded in F-75 Ottawa Sand. The centrifuge test setup was subjected to 50 g at the mid-depth of the embedded pile length to assess the lateral behavior of the pile in the prototype scale. Thus, a prototype pile with a diameter of 0.5 m and an embedded length of 9.5 m was simulated. The pile was laterally loaded using a loading actuator mounted on the centrifuge setup. The p-y curves were obtained using the strain gauges instrumented along the circular pile surface. The lateral resistance was obtained by double differentiation of the bending moment profile, while the lateral displacement profile was obtained by double integrating a fitted curve on the curvature data with the necessary boundary conditions. Experiments included saturated and a mix of unsaturated-saturated soil. The water table was lowered to the desired elevation in-flight prior to lateral loading for the unsaturated-saturated soil test. This paper discusses a fundamental understanding of how water table fluctuation can influence the behavior of laterally loaded piles for a performance-based design.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".