Surface tension models for binary aqueous solutions: a review and intercomparison
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The liquid-air surface tension of aqueous solutions is a fundamental quantity in multi-phase thermodynamics and fluid dynamics and thus relevant in many scientific and engineering fields. Various models have been proposed for its quantitative description. This Perspective gives an overview of the most popular models and their ability to reproduce experimental data of ten binary aqueous solutions of electrolytes and organic molecules chosen to be representative of different solute types. In addition, we propose a new model which reproduces sigmoidal curve shapes (Sigmoid model) to empirically fit experimental surface tension data. The surface tension of weakly surface-active substances is well reproduced by all models. In contrast, only few models successfully model the surface tension of aqueous solutions with strongly surface-active substances. For substances with a solubility limit, usually no experimental data is available for the surface tension of supersaturated solutions and the pure liquid solute. We discuss ways in which these can be estimated and emphasize the need for further research. The newly developed Sigmoid model best reproduces the surface tension of all tested solutions and can be recommended as a model for a broad range of binary mixtures and over the entire concentration range.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it