BiVO<sub>4</sub> Microspheres Coated with Nanometer-Thick Porous TiO<sub>2</sub> Shells for Photocatalytic Water Treatment under Visible-Light Irradiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Herein, we designed and synthesized well-defined BiVO 4 @porous TiO 2 shell microspheres, with different core diameters by a facile hydrothermal method, for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysis. The developed complex particles contained single solid BiVO 4 cores and nanometer-thick porous TiO 2 shells, composed of many nanosheets, and showed high stability and excellent photocatalytic activity for degrading both organic dyes and colorless organic contaminants under visible-light irradiation, much better than the benchmark of commercial P25 and bare BiVO 4 microspheres of the same size. Compared to the bare BiVO 4 microspheres, the BiVO 4 @TiO 2 heterostructures showed improved photocatalytic activity, which was ascribed to (i) the formed BiVO 4 /TiO 2 heterojunction with a defect energy level generated by the Ti 3+ ions during the nanoporous TiO 2 shell formation, which greatly promoted the charge carrier seperation and transfer between the BiVO 4 and TiO 2 during the photocatalysis process; (ii) the unique core@porous-shell structure that led to the intimate contact between the BiVO 4 core and the TiO 2 shell, facilitating the interfacial charge transfer; and also more importantly, (iii) the unique nanostructured porous TiO 2 shell composed of numerous tiny TiO 2 nanosheets that provided a large surface area for the easy adsorption of organic molecules and made the separated charge carriers directly available to the reactants, largely suppressing the charge carrier recombination and further increasing the photocatalytic efficiency. This study provides a feasible approach for the rational design of high-efficiency core@porous-shell nanostructured photocatalysts for photocatalytic water and wastewater treatment under visible-light irradiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".