Frequency of Hepatitis a Virus as a Cause of Anicteric Hepatitis in Children Under 5 Years
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Aim: Globally, Acute viral hepatitis A is the widespread type of hepatitis particularly in developing countries. Children under 5 year of age are at greater risk of asymptomatic infections, and if they do develop symptoms, they are likely to experience anicteric illnesses. The present study aimed to determine the incidence of hepatitis A virus as anicteric hepatitis cause among children under 5 years. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 380 children (<5 years) in the Pediatric Medicine Department of Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex Nowshera for the duration from 1st July 2021 to 30th June 2022. Study protocol was approved by the institute ethical committee. Children with normal-colored urine, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, malaise, nausea, and low-grade fever (< 38.5 °C) were investigated. Demographic details and physical examination were recorded from children with elevated transaminase levels (ALT). Children with elevated transaminases were only enrolled and categorized into two groups: Group-I HAV-positive and Group-II HAV negative groups. Children with transaminases were the only ones who had IgM antibodies against HAV virus. ELISA was used to test for anti-HAV IgM. Results: Of the total 380 children, the incidence of elevated transaminases (ALT, AST) were 42.6% (n=162). The frequency of HAV positive and HAV negative was 13.6% (n=22) and 86.4% (n=140) respectively. Out of 162 children, there 84 (51.9%) male and 78 (48.1%) females. Age-wise distribution of patients were as follows: Age≥3 years 92 (56.8%) and age≤ 70 (43.2%). HAV infection rates were significantly higher among children over 2 years old (p <0.05). Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, Right hypochondrial tenderness, Arthralgia, and Hepatomegaly were different clinical manifestation of HAV negative and HAV positive found in 20.7% (n=29) versus 13.6% (n=3), 97.1% (n=136) versus 81.8% (n=18), 87.1% (n=122) vs 81.8% (n=18), 81.4% (n=114) versus 95.5% (n=21), 32.9% (n=46) versus 86.4% (n=19), 38.6% (n=54) versus 59.1% (n=13), 4.3% (n=6) versus 18.2% (n=4) respectively. Conclusion: Children with anicteric hepatitis under the age of 5 years were found to have 13.6% HAV infection. Diarrhea and vomiting were the most prevalent clinical manifestation of children < 5 years. A higher level of maternal education, older age, and poor sanitary conditions were various risk factors related to HAV infection. Keywords: Hepatitis A, Anicteric hepatitis, Children
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".