Image Counterfeiting Detection and Localization Using Deep Learning Algorithms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As social networking services such as Whatsapp, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have grown in popularity over the past two decades, the volume of picture data created throughout the globe has exploded. Images that have been altered or doctored using editing software such as Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, and Paint-3D are a major source of concern in the digital age. As a result, it is essential to verify the validity of suspect images before taking action against people who fabricate them. Copy-move forgery and spliced image fraud are two of the most extensively used picture forgery methods in the field. Recent Deep Learning (DL) algorithms have simplified tasks like categorization, localization, segmentation, and other comparable studies. With the use of Residual Neural Networks (ResNet), copy-move forgery and spliced fraud in photographs may be discovered and classified. Experimental results on benchmark datasets such as CASIA-2, MICC-F2000, and CoMoFoD indicate significant gains over state-of-the-art approaches. Gradient Class activation mappings (Grad-CAM) were applied to find forged regions in tampered photographs, and the suggested approach was also proven to be successful in predicting tampered images. On the CoMoFoD dataset, a classification accuracy of 99.9% was attained, while on the MICC-F 2000 dataset, it was 97%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".