Impacts of natural irradiation on sedimentary organic matter–A review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ionizing radiation of organic matter (OM) is ubiquitous on the surface and in the subsurface of rocky planets such as Earth and Mars, and is associated with chemical changes in the elemental, isotopic, bulk and molecular compositions of OM over geological time scales. Plentiful efforts have been made in the last decade that contribute to growing understanding of subsurface OM irradiation and insights into perplexing petroleum system dynamics worldwide. This review opens with a brief introduction of recent progress in the technical application of OM radiolysis in multiple scientific areas to elucidate basic radiolysis principles that also govern both artificial and natural irradiation of OM. In light of these considerations, four major topics covering radiolysis in geological systems are addressed: (1) radiation of kerogen in radioactive shales and changes in OM chemical compositions, (2) radiolytic alteration of crude oil and its potential application in tracing oil residence time, (3) characteristics of radiolytic natural gases and geochemical templates for distinguishing natural gases of various origins, and (4) radiolytic synthesis of simple precursors into larger OM molecules. Highlights are the exploration of proxies using radiolytic changes in OM as geochronometers for oil residence time dating under topic (2), and the novel interpretation of obscured natural gas formations worldwide based on the newly proposed geochemical template for natural gas origins under topic (3). This review wraps up with a brief discussion of the radiation environment on Mars and an analogy between Mars and Earth, which bears valuable information on the preservation of OM on both planets in response to irradiation and may shed light on the origin of life and evidence for life on extraterrestrial planets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".