Bibliographic record
Abstract
Before Islam arrived, Christians made up a significant religious minority in Persia. The faith presumably moved eastward from its Palestinian origins during the Parthian period and was already established when the Sasanian era began. The Church of the East developed as an independent body under the Sasanians, headed by a Catholicos‐patriarch and with a network of bishops and metropolitans. Periods of official persecution occurred from the fourth century on and the impact of the fifth‐century Christological controversies (Nestorianism and Monophysitism) was also felt. After the advent of Islam, Christians in Persia were subject to the jizya poll tax but also had protected dhimmi status. Whereas the Umayyads were less concerned with conversion than with tax revenues, their successors the Abbasids prioritized conversion, resulting in a gradual decline in the Christian population and an increase in the number of Muslims. Nonetheless, Christians continued to play key roles in the caliphate, as doctors, administrators, and translators from Greek to Arabic. After two centuries of Seljuk rule, the Mongols conquered Baghdad and Christians found themselves in favor initially. However, the rulers of the Ilkhanate eventually converted to Islam, shortly after which the state collapsed, to be succeeded by the Timurids and the Turkmen Federations (Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu), under whom Christianity shrank further in numerical strength and influence.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.118 | 0.028 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".