A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada 1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A taxonomic treatment is presented for the violets (Violaceae) confirmed in the range described in the second edition of Gleason and Cronquist's Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, in advance of the new treatment of this manual that is in preparation. Recent field, herbarium, and laboratory investigations of eastern North America's violet flora by the author and students have reexamined eastern North American violet taxa and utilized multiple sources of evidence filtered through modern species concepts to delimit taxa and assign appropriate taxonomic rank. Results have led to the recognition of 58 native and eight introduced species, one subspecies, one variety and one form, 10 informal variants, and 113 wild hybrids in our region, representing the genera Cubelium, Pombalia, and Viola. In Viola, two new species are described and three new combinations are made (one to species rank, one to subspecies, and one to forma), and eight names are typified. Viola taxa are distributed across five sections and nine subsections and are representative of most of the infrageneric taxonomic diversity in North America overall. Anomalous variants in Viola emarginata, Viola palmata, Viola septentrionalis, and Viola sororia currently lack sufficient information for taxonomic decisions but are presented to encourage study, collection, and documentation. Six potential taxa occur adjacent to or very near our region and may eventually be discovered in our area; they are included in the keys and briefly described with figures. The treatment includes introductory text, dichotomous keys, synonymy with some type information, detailed descriptions, and other information, as well as color figures of habit and plant structures and US county-level geographic distribution maps for nearly all included taxa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".