Was Eighteenth-Century Arminian Anti-Slavery Also Anti-Racist?
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite portrayals of John Wesley and early Methodist leaders as proto-proponents of civil rights, their Arminian anti-slavery stance was hardly what scholars Ibram X. Kendi and Anthony G. Reddie term ‘anti-racist’. There remained in their writings evidence of empire that upheld racist constructs. What if, rather than decrying colonists’ desire for independence, Wesley had helped them see that fighting for enslaved persons’ freedom might assist their own efforts at liberation from tyranny? Confronting the persistence of racism even amid anti-slavery in Wesley and early Methodism aids in developing an alternative lens to empire that can help their descendants today.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it