Teeth and tooth whorls of the stem chondrichthyan Doliodus from the Early Devonian of the Gaspé Sandstone Group, Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Early Devonian (Emsian) vertebrate fauna of the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec (Canada) shows close affinity with the Emsian fauna from the Atholville beds, New Brunswick (Canada). Specimens collected in the early 2000s from several localities in central Gaspé include molds of tooth whorls and isolated teeth that we assign to the stem chondrichthyan Doliodus. Isolated teeth of this taxon were first described from the Atholville beds in the late 1800s by Arthur Smith Woodward, who erected a new species Diplodus problematicus. Whereas the Atholville beds teeth are usually preserved individually or in tooth families, and as hard tissue, the Gaspé teeth are mostly preserved as molds of tooth whorls, with individual teeth sharing a thin bone base. Thin sections of Doliodus teeth from the Atholville beds show parallel close-set vascular canals extending above the base plate and through tooth bases, with teeth formed of osteodentine and meso- or orthodentine. We consider that all the known dental elements assigned to Doliodus are conspecific with the articulated Doliodus specimen and thus all are assigned to the same species D. latispinosus. The teeth are compared with the diplodont teeth of other stem chondrichthyan taxa, in particular the Omalodontiformes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".