Routing a mixed fleet of conventional and electric vehicles for urban delivery problems: considering different charging technologies and battery swapping
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a vehicle routing problem with load capacity and time windows for a fleet of electric vehicles (EVs) and internal combustion vehicles (ICVs). Different charging technologies, including Level 1, 2, and 3 chargers and swapping batteries, are considered in this research. Given the location of the depot, the existing customers, and the set of charging stations, this problem aims to minimise the overall cost of constructing the routes over the vertices that need to be visited by either an ICV or EV. We develop a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for this problem, and we solve small samples using a CPLEX solver. In addition, we develop two metaheuristic solution approaches by combining Adaptive Large Neighbourhood Search (ALNS) with Simulated Annealing (SA) and Tabu Search (TS). Using a set of locations from Scarborough, Ontario, Canada, we investigate the delivery routing problem with a fleet of ICVs and EVs. By solving the problem for different scenarios, we observed that EVs often require partial recharging and faster chargers (Level 3) when traveling in the city.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it