Federalism: comparative study between India and Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Federalism is a political doctrine, like liberalism and socialism, whereas 'federation' is a term used to describe a government structure. Federations are a subspecies of 'federative systems', which refers to the genus as a whole. It is vital to understand 'federalism' as a concept in order to compare federations like Canada and India. Since their inception, Canada and India have evolved into full-fledged federations. They are not founded on the idea of federalism. We call this political system 'federalism', and it is an interconnected set of ideas of government that differs greatly from Canada's and India's parliamentary traditions, which were passed down from the UK to both countries. They will have to re-evaluate their legislative past and evolve their own federalism concept if these two countries want to go beyond treating federation as a distribution of power. Federalism as a concept and its evolving manifestations in India are the focus of this article. This article will also emphasise the importance of cooperative and collaborative federalism in achieving the constitutional goal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.021 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".