<i>Tuber rugosum</i> , a new species from northeastern North America: Slug mycophagy aides in electron microscopy of ascospores
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Species in the genus Tuber are ascomycetous fungi that produce hypogeous fruiting bodies commonly called truffles. These fungi are ecologically relevant owing to the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis they establish with plants. One of the most speciose lineages within Tuber is the Rufum clade, which is widely distributed throughout Asia, Europe, and North America and is estimated to include more than 43 species. Most species in this clade have spiny spores, and many still have not been formally described. Here, we describe T. rugosum based on multigene phylogenetic analysis and its unique morphological characters. Tuber rugosum (previously designated in literature as Tuber sp. 69) has been collected throughout the Midwest, USA, and Quebec, Canada, and is an ectomycorrhizal symbiont of Quercus trees, as confirmed through morphological and molecular analyses of root tips presented here. We also present a novel method for preparing Tuber ascospores for scanning electron microscope imaging that includes feeding, digestion, and spore excretion by the slug Arion subfuscus. Following this method, spores become free from ascus and other mycelial debris that could obscure morphological traits during their passage through the snail gut while maintaining ornamentation. Finally, we report the fatty acid analysis, a fungicolous species association, and we provide an updated taxonomic key of the Rufum clade.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it