The Relationship between Dickkopf-Related Protein-1 (DKK-1) Plasma Levels and Impaired Cognitive Function in HIV Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Dickkopf-related protein – 1 (DKK-1) is an antagonist protein to the Wingless (Wnt)-β catenin signal. Dysregulation of Wnt-β catenin signaling by DKK-1 causes disruption of neuronal synapses, which can result in impaired cognitive function. Impaired cognitive function in people with HIV or HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a spectrum of cognitive disorders related to HIV neuroinvasion and neuroinflammation, which significantly results in impaired cognitive function and daily activity. This study aimed to assess the relationship between plasma DKK-1 levels and impaired cognitive function in HIV patients. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design, consisting of 84 HIV sufferers who went to the voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) polyclinic at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia, in the period December 2022 - March 2023, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Indonesian version (MoCa-Ina), and daily activity function using the instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) examination. Plasma DKK-1 levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results: The mean plasma DKK-1 level of HIV sufferers was 358.4 (+ 157.6) pg/mL. ANI type disorder was found in 78.6%, MND in 21.4%, and no HAD type. There was a significant relationship between plasma DKK-1 levels and impaired cognitive function in HIV patients (OR = 2.82, CI95% = 1.128-7.043, p = 0.025), but there was no significant difference in plasma DKK-1 levels between types of cognitive impairment ANI and MND (p = 0.858). Conclusion: Plasma DKK-1 levels are significantly associated with impaired cognitive function in HIV patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".