Legacy and novel PFASs in wastewater, natural water, and drinking water: Occurrence in Western Countries vs China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A critical examination of the occurrence of PFASs in wastewater, surface water, groundwater, and drinking water is presented. Given the ongoing shift towards substitutes of legacy PFASs and the rising role of China as global leader in PFASs production, background and hotspot concentrations of PFASs in the aquatic environment of China and Western Countries (mostly the E.U., the U.S., and Canada) are reported and critically compared for the first time, with special attention to short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, novel substitutes like perfluoroether carboxylic and sulphonic acids, and emerging PFASs like 6:2 FTAB. Data on PFASs concentrations in the examined matrices show that i) concentrations of total PFASs and of selected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are generally higher in China, except for PFOS, and that ii) short-chain and novel PFASs are replacing their long-chain homologues but are rarely monitored. Recommendations are provided to help prioritize the PFASs to be investigated that can end up in the environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".