Square-Toed Boots and Felt Hats: Irish Revolutionaries and the Invasion of Canada (1848-1871)
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Fenian movement was born in 1858 as an alliance between the Irish Republican Brotherhood, a revolutionary secret society, and the Fenian Brotherhood, an Irish-American organisation intended to supply this society with funds and trained officers. This was not the first time that Irish nationalists on both sides of the Atlantic had tried to cooperate, but it was the first time that there was a steady arrangement in place. The Fenian partnership was extremely successful on the surface, but it was undermined by fundamental differences in customs, political attitudes and ultimate goals between Irish and American Fenians. The clearest evidence of these differences was afforded by the Fenian Brotherhood?s successive attempts to invade Canada between 1866 and 1871. As military episodes the Canadian raids were negligible; as Irish revolutionary attempts they seem absurd.However, they were a perfectly coherent manifestation of the Irish-American ?hyphenated identity?.The present article traces the parallel evolution of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Fenian Brotherhood up to 1866, and reconstructs the cultural and political reasons for the revival of the Canadian scheme, the ensuing split in the Fenian Brotherhood, and the final collapse of the Fenian alliance.; El movimiento Feniano surgió en 1858 como una alianza entre la Hermandad Republicana Irlandesa (Irish Republican Brotherhood), una sociedad secreta revolucionaria, y la Hermandad Feniana (Fenian Brotherhood), una organización americano-irlandesa concebida para suministrar a esta sociedad ayuda económica y militar. No era la primera vez que los nacionalistas irlandeses a ambos lados del Atlántico habían intentado colaborar, pero era la primera vez que establecían un acuerdo permanente. La alianza feniana resultaba enormemente provechosa en apariencia, pero en realidad se veía socavada por diferencias fundamentales en las costumbres, actitudes políticas y objetivos finales de fenianos irlandeses y americanos. La prueba más clara de estas diferencias fueron los sucesivos intentos de la Hermandad Feniana de invadir Canadá entre 1866 y 1871. Desde el punto de vista militar, las incursiones en Canadá fueron episodios insignificantes; como intentonas revolucionarias pueden parecer absurdas. Sin embargo, eran una manifestación perfectamente coherente de la ?identidad con guión? (hyphenated identity) de los americano-irlandeses. El presente artículo traza la evolución paralela de la Hermandad Republicana Irlandesa y la Hermandad Feniana hasta 1866, y reconstruye las razones culturales y políticas del resurgimiento del proyecto de invasión de Canadá, la consiguiente escisión en la Hermandad Feniana, y el desmoronamiento final de la alianza entre fenianos irlandeses y americanos.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it