The Effects of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>‐Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles on Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrosis In Vitro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction . Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent pathogenic bacterium that resides in the human stomach. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are known as nanosized cargos released by H. pylori , which have been proposed to have a key role in disease progression, pathogenesis, and modulation of the immune system. There are multiple evidences for the role of H. pylori in extragastroduodenal illnesses especially liver‐related disorders. However, the precise mechanism of H. pylori extragastroduodenal pathogenesis still remains unclear. In the current study, we aimed to determine the impact of H. pylori ‐isolated OMVs on hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and expression of liver fibrosis markers. Materials and Methods . Five H. pylori clinical strains with different genotype profiles were used. Helicobacter pylori OMVs were isolated using ultracentrifugation and were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) analysis was applied to determine protein components of H. pylori ‐derived OMVs. Cell viability of LX‐2 human hepatic stellate cell line exposed to OMVs was measured by MTT assay. LX‐2 cells were treated with OMVs for 24 h. The gene expression of α ‐SMA, E‐cadherin, vimentin, snail, and β ‐catenin was analyzed using quantitative real‐time PCR. The protein expression of α ‐SMA, as a well‐studied profibrotic marker, was evaluated with immunocytochemistry. Results . Our results showed that H. pylori strains released round shape nanovesicles ranging from 50 to 500 nm. Totally, 112 various proteins were identified in OMVs by proteomic analysis. The isolated OMVs were negative for both CagA and VacA virulence factors. Treatment of HSCs with H. pylori ‐derived OMVs significantly increased the expression of fibrosis markers. Conclusions . In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that H. pylori ‐derived OMVs could promote HSC activation and induce the expression of hepatic fibrosis markers. Further research is required to elucidate the definite role of H. pylori ‐derived OMVs in liver fibrosis and liver‐associated disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".