Impact Generation of Holes in the Early Lunar Crust: Scaling Relations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract After its formation, the Moon is widely believed to have possessed a deep, global magma ocean. As it cooled, an anorthositic crust formed, floating atop this magma ocean and acting as an insulating blanket. As well as forming the Moon, the Moon‐forming giant impact also released more than a lunar mass of debris into heliocentric orbit. Reimpacting debris subjected the newly formed Moon to an extremely intense bombardment. We have conducted a suite of impact simulations for a range of conditions representative of this early period. We find that impact outcomes can be divided into four regimes and construct scaling relations for the transitions between these regimes and size of impact features. Exposure of liquid magma to the surface is generally more efficient than previously assumed, implying significant shortening of the solidification time of the Lunar Magma Ocean. Comparison with work on icy satellites also suggests that penetration of a solid crust overlying liquid is a relatively universal process with weak dependence on target material properties.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".