Missionaries and the Politics of Quinine in the Gold Coast (1939-1943)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While there exists a rich history on anti-malarial drugs and quinine, in particular, the attention of scholars has not reflected the nexuses between the Second World War, quinine shortage and missionaries in the Gold Coast. In contemporary discourses on malaria, less information exists on the historical role of quinine; how the Second World War affected the political economy of quinine and how its consequence impacted missionaries in the Gold Coast. The current contribution gleaned data from a compendium of government records, letters, circulars and reports from the Public Records and Archive Administration in Kumase to discuss the relationship and politics of quinine shortage and missionaries on the Gold Coast between 1939 and 1943. Since its introduction into Western medicine, quinine has been an effective remedy for malaria across the world. However, during the Second World War, the Japanese and German occupation of the Islands of Java troubled the political economy of the distribution of quinine. In response, the colonial administration called for the use of alternative remedies such as quinicrine and mepacrine against malaria in the Gold Coast. From the study, it was realized that the politicization of quinine shortage and related questions reduced the status of missionaries to ordinary citizens who were instructed to acquire their medical supplies in the same manner as the general public.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".