A Simple Method for Teaching Bragg’s Law in an Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory with the Use of Metal–Organic Frameworks
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials that are often crystalline with high surface area and structural tunability. In this laboratory experiment designed for inorganic chemistry students at the undergraduate level, students complete a two-step experiment where they will first (i) synthesize two isostructural zirconium-based MOFs, UiO-66 and UiO-67, and then (ii) isolate and characterize the materials using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). A simple solvothermal procedure was developed for the synthesis of UiO-66 and UiO-67 using the air/moisture-stable zirconyl chloride octahydrate as a starting reagent. Depending on the equipment available, the MOFs can be further characterized by nitrogen adsorption analysis for surface area determination using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Upon synthesizing the MOFs and collecting the characterization data, students analyze and describe their results by answering a series of questions included in the laboratory manual. This exercise will allow students to develop practical laboratory skills while expanding their knowledge on some fundamental concepts in inorganic chemistry, materials chemistry, MOFs, crystallography, and other characterization techniques as availability allows.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it