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Public Health in Uruguay, 1830–1940s

2023· reference-entry· en· W4366132299 on OpenAlex
Anne‐Emanuelle Birn, Raquel Pollero

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueOxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History · 2023
Typereference-entry
Languageen
FieldArts and Humanities
TopicHistory of Medicine and Tropical Health
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPublic healthPoliticsInstitutionalisationPolitical scienceHealth policyLatin AmericansPolitical economyEconomic growthDevelopment economicsHealth careSociologyEconomicsMedicineLaw

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Little examined, Uruguay’s public health trajectory offers an important window on the country’s larger societal dynamics and the possibilities and limits of public health across Latin America. On one hand, Uruguay lagged behind public health efforts and overall institutionalization compared to other countries in the region, through much of the 19th century. On the other hand, tiny Uruguay became highly engaged with international health, medical, and social policy developments, and it modernized, urbanized, and secularized early, with important implications for health and welfare state-building, epitomized in early 20th-century Batllismo. Still, the country’s economic, epidemic, demographic, social, and political vicissitudes meant that public health efforts, too, oscillated between fulfilling aspirations for an up-to-date and far-reaching hygienic apparatus and seeing these expectations dashed during economic downturns, periods of political repression, and when health successes seemingly turned into failures, as with its prolonged infant mortality stagnation. Uruguay also moved from being an importer of public health models and practices, especially from Europe, to exporting its own innovative approaches, as per its internationally renowned rights-based approach to improving child health, embodied in its 1934 Children’s Code and diffused via the pathbreaking Montevideo-based children’s protection institute. Also sui generis were the multiplicity of roles played by the country’s minuscule pool of public health experts, who served at one and the same time as epidemiological observers, institutional leaders, clinicians, and policy elites, making their impact and interactions both fruitful and fraught. The article traces Uruguay’s public health history across three eras, revealing the untold stories and ups and downs of a small but significant public health actor.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Science and technology studies, Research integrity, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.386
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0020.000
Bibliometrics0.0030.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.005
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.004
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0040.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.243
GPT teacher head0.362
Teacher spread0.119 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it