Bibliographic record
Abstract
Escalating level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has contributed to global climate change, among which CO2 is mainly responsible for global warming.Cement industries are responsible for 7-8% of global CO2 emissions during cement manufacturing and operations, which involves calcination of raw material (i.e.limestone) at high temperatures to produce clinker and combustion of fuel.Therefore, for the cement industries globally, CO2emission mitigation strategies need to be taken into account in their strategic outlook that can help reduce the environmental footprint.In the past, using supplemental cementitious materials (SCMs) to lessen carbon footprints in the construction industry has already been thoroughly investigated.Due to the limited availability of SCMs resources in long term, other innovative ways need to be identified.Recently, carbon capture and utilization is pitched as the encouraging driver that can address the real problem of challenging emissions.CO2 sequestration in concrete is a promising strategy for lowering carbon footprint and providing a loop for the carbon flow to achieve a more sustainable construction practice.CO2 sequestration is performed in two ways; First, by injecting CO2 into ready-mix concrete, and second by enforced curing of prefabricated building components under CO2 conditions.Both ways have the potential to reduce net emissions by capturing CO2 and storing it in mineral form (carbonates) in the cementitious matrix.This process can improve the properties of the concrete in addition to capturing CO2 inside of it.Accelerated carbonation is a curing mechanism applied to fresh cement-based materials within the first 24 hours after casting.It entails an exothermic chemical reaction between CO2 and Calcium-containing phases in cement.It has three distinct advantages: i) rapid strength gain ii) improved durability; and iii) permanent carbon dioxide sequestration.Recently, a variety of materials that have the capacity of absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere is being explored in cement-based materials for CO2 sequestration such as recycled aggregates and fines, high calcium SCMs, industrial wastes, biomass waste, nano-TiO2 and carbon-based nanomaterials (graphene, nanoplates, CNTs/CNF).Nanomaterials, in addition to the available SCMs, play a significant role in capturing atmospheric CO2 due to their high reactivity, quantum effects and extended surface areas in contrast to traditional materials.According to earlier research, nanomaterials have the potential to modify the shape of hydration products, especially calcium hydroxide (CH), and can significantly hinder the formation of hexagonal lamellar crystals and refine the size of the CH crystalsIn our research, we observed that, in addition to improving the mechanical and hydration properties of cement-based materials, graphene oxides (GO) also have the ability to absorb atmospheric CO2 and permanently store it in the cement matrix as calcium carbonates.The ability of cement composites to absorb CO2 was improved by 30% by the addition of relatively small amounts (between 0.05 and 0.1%) of graphene oxide nanosheets.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".