Assessment of the Theoretical Methodology Used in the Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual for Piles Design in Sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several design criteria exist in practice to calculate the bearing capacity of piles in various soil mediums.Piles in sandy soils, both bored or driven, have two types of resistance, either from the shaft side friction, which requires a small displacement to be mobilized, or a base bearing resistance that needs approximately ten times the displacement required for developing the side friction resistance to be fully mobilized.Many empirical, mathematical and even numerical estimations are used to predict each of these two components.Assessing the suitability of each of the existing methods is essential to achieve reliable pile designs.This paper assesses the theoretical equations used in the Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual (CFEM, 2006) for bored and driven piles in sand.Fifty different full-scale pile load tests with measured pile load capacities are presented and compared to the theoretical predictions of the CFEM to evaluate the validity and accuracy of these theoretical approaches in predicting the actual developed pile load capacities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".