Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. The observation and quantification of mineral dust fluxes from high-latitude sources remains difficult due to a known paucity of year-round in situ observations and known limitations of satellite remote sensing data (e.g., cloud cover and dust detection). Here we explore the chronology of dust emissions at a known and instrumented high latitude dust source: Lhù’ààn Mân (Kluane Lake) in Yukon, Canada. At this location we combine ground instrumentation, space-based remote sensing platforms, ground-based AERONET data, and oblique camera images to (i) investigate the daily to annual chronology of dust emissions recorded by these instrumental and remote sensing methods (at timescales ranging from minutes to years), and (ii) use data intercomparisons to comment on the principal factors that control the detection of dust in each case. Dust emissions were observed using oblique time-lapse (RC) cameras installed at Lhù’ààn Mân for up to 23 hours a day. These were used as a baseline for analysis of aerosol retrievals from in situ metrological data, AERONET, and co-incident MODIS MAIAC. Use of high-cadence remote camera (RC) data collected during dust events allowed us to optimise the use of combination of date quality (DQ) 1 (aerosol optical depth - AOD) and DQ2 (single scattering albedo and Angstöm exponent) to best represent AOD dust retrievals from AERONET. Nevertheless, when compared with time series of RC data, optimised AERONET data only manage an overall 26 % detection rate for events (sub day) but 100 % detection rate for dust event days (DED) when dust was within the field of view. Here, in this instance, RC and remote sensing data were able to suggest that the low event detection rate was attributed to fundamental variations in dust advection trajectory, dust plume height, and inherent restrictions in sun angle at high latitudes. Working with a time series of optimised AOD data (covering 2018/2019), we were able to investigate the gross impacts of DQ choice on DED detection at the month/year scale. Relative to ground observations, AERONET’s DQ2.0 cloud screening algorithm may remove as much as 97 % of known dust events (3 % detection). Finally, when undertaking an AOD comparison for DED and non-DED retrievals, we find that cloud screening of MODIS/AERONET lead to a combined low sample of co-incident dust events, and weak correlations between retrievals. Our results quantify and explain the extent of under-representation of dust in both ground and space remote sensing method; a factor which impacts on the effective calibration and validation of global climate and dust models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.022 | 0.021 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.136 | 0.111 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".