Behavioral observations of <i>Molossus nigricans</i> in a Neotropical city: a contribution toward understanding its urban tolerance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The family Molossidae includes several species of bats that thrive in tropical and subtropical cities of the world. It has been suggested that the remarkable tolerance of some molossid species to urban life might partially result from a suite of behavioral preadaptations. In this study, we described some aspects of the roosting, social, vocal, and foraging behavior of one of these species, Molossus nigricans Miller, 1902, in the tropical city of Villahermosa, in southeastern Mexico. We described roosting attributes and colony size in 54 roosts of M. nigricans between 2016 and 2018. In a subsample of roosts, we registered emergence and return times throughout the night, described colony composition, and recorded vocalizations using a full-spectrum ultrasonic detector. We found that M. nigricans exhibits high plasticity in its roosting behavior, occupying both natural and anthropogenic structures with narrow gaps and cracks. Their social structure appears to be flexible, and their colonies are variable in size, allowing them to exploit a wide variety of roosts. Their high foraging efficiency, tolerance to artificial light, and its remarkable vocal plasticity seem to be other elements that may help us to better understand the success of M. nigricans in tropical urban environments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".