Impact of Parental Bonding on Alexithymia and Psychological Distress among Pakistani Adolescents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim: This study explored the relationship between parental bonding, alexithymia, and psychological distress among Pakistani adolescents. Methods: This was a quantitative research and data was obtained from a sample of 350 adolescents from different school colleges and universities of Pakistan. The cross-sectional research design was used in the current study. Three scales; Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) were used to measure the variables. Pearson- product moment correlation and regression analysis were computed using SPSS version 21. Results: The study found a positive relationship between parental bonding (authoritarianism, protectiveness), alexithymia and psychological distress among adolescents. Conclusion: Poor parental bonding leads to alexithymia and psychological distress among Pakistani adolescents. This information is steady with the possibility that unfavourable nurturing and over security leads to poor personality traits (alexithymia) and also puts young people in danger for the improvement of psychological distress. Recommendations: Future researchers are recommended to incorporate adolescents of broken families to determine the relationship for more appropriate outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".