Bibliographic record
Abstract
Software applications in Artificial Intelligence, particularly Natural Language Processing, often need to decide how far two given strings differ from each other in their content. To this day edit distance remains to be widely used for measuring the difference. Symbols in strings are compared, but the meanings of strings are not considered in almost all algorithms based on edit distance. This paper aims to define a logical formalism for comparing strings. Thus the comparisons are enhanced with computer-comprehensible semantics. More precisely, we propose SMAT, a String Matching Action Theory, written in the language of Situation Calculus. We show that SMAT can be used to flexibly represent various string operators. Damerau-Levenshtein edit operators are specifically used as an illustration example. We remark that 1) SMAT is, in addition, a software program implementation for string matching; 2) Knowledge-based heuristics in support of string-matching strategies can be easily incorporated into SMAT, and 3) SMAT provides new opportunities for string matching through automated planning in Artificial Intelligence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".