Treatment of wastewater from Azilal (Morocco) using microalgae: comparing indoor and outdoor cultures and biomass harvesting by coagulation–flocculation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this study, native microalgae cultivated in the batch mode were used to purify secondary municipal wastewater (MW) from Azilal (Morocco) at different concentrations; the treatment of the MW under laboratory conditions and natural conditions was compared. The biomass produced was harvested by coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation. The results showed that the maximum biomass was obtained in outdoor cultures by 1.11 vs. 0.79 g·L –1 in indoor cultures. Ammonium removal reached 99.8% in indoor cultures and 97.5% in outdoor cultures. The highest chemical oxygen demand removal percentage was 60.3% in indoor cultures and 68.9% in outdoor cultures. Regarding biomass harvesting, 140 mg·L –1 of ferric chloride resulted in 97.4% of the biomass recovered in 20 min of sedimentation and improved the final effluent quality. Finally, these native microalgae showed a promising alternative for MW treatment combined with valuable biomass production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".