Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Vikings were present in North America in 1021 CE, according to a radiocarbon study that analyzed wooden artifacts recovered from an archaeological site in Newfoundland ( Nature 2021, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8 ). The investigation used site artifacts known to have belonged to the Vikings to pinpoint when Europeans traversed the Atlantic Ocean, which marks the beginning of the time that knowledge and biological material could have been exchanged between Europe and the Americas. Researchers have long known that about 1,000 years ago, Norse seafarers settled on the northern peninsula of Newfoundland at a site known as L’Anse aux Meadows. Reported estimates of the timing of this activity vary from 793 to 1066 CE. To narrow that time window, a team led by Margot Kuitems and Michael W. Dee of the University of Groningen used an accelerator mass spectrometry method to measure carbon isotope ratios in wooden artifacts that had been
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".