Rather Simple D–A Nonfullerene for High-Performance Indoor Photovoltaic Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A simple push–pull nonfullerene, N-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-carbazolyl-2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H -inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile, MCz, has been prepared and fully characterized, including absorption, fluorescence, excitation, time-resolved fluorescence, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent-DFT, cyclic voltammetry, and single-crystal crystallography. The organic solar cells were also fabricated in a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) with the conventional architecture ITO/PEDOT:PSS/active layer/PFN/Al and were characterized in both outdoor (AM1.5 G) and indoor light sources. The active layer consists of the polymer donor PTB7-Th blended with MCz, which was compared to another related blend, PTB7-Th: MCzM ( MCzM = N -(2-ethylhexyl)-3,6-carbazolyl-bis[2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H -inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile]). The outdoor data were extracted at AM 1.5. The short-circuit current ( J sc ), open-circuit voltage ( V oc ), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) are as follows for MCzM: 16.67 mA/cm 2, 1.02 V, 0.66, and 10.55%, respectively, and for MCz: 17.26 mA/cm 2, 0.84 V, 0.606, and 8.79%, respectively. The indoor photovoltaic data are as follows for MCzM: 81.08 μA/cm 2, 0.88 V, 0.66, and 18.88%, respectively, and for MCz: 111.95 μA/cm 2, 0.74 V, 0.68, and 22.14%, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".