Rather Simple D–A Nonfullerene for High-Performance Indoor Photovoltaic Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A simple push–pull nonfullerene, N-(2-ethylhexyl)-3-carbazolyl-2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H -inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile, MCz, has been prepared and fully characterized, including absorption, fluorescence, excitation, time-resolved fluorescence, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent-DFT, cyclic voltammetry, and single-crystal crystallography. The organic solar cells were also fabricated in a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) with the conventional architecture ITO/PEDOT:PSS/active layer/PFN/Al and were characterized in both outdoor (AM1.5 G) and indoor light sources. The active layer consists of the polymer donor PTB7-Th blended with MCz, which was compared to another related blend, PTB7-Th: MCzM ( MCzM = N -(2-ethylhexyl)-3,6-carbazolyl-bis[2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1 H -inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile]). The outdoor data were extracted at AM 1.5. The short-circuit current ( J sc ), open-circuit voltage ( V oc ), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) are as follows for MCzM: 16.67 mA/cm 2, 1.02 V, 0.66, and 10.55%, respectively, and for MCz: 17.26 mA/cm 2, 0.84 V, 0.606, and 8.79%, respectively. The indoor photovoltaic data are as follows for MCzM: 81.08 μA/cm 2, 0.88 V, 0.66, and 18.88%, respectively, and for MCz: 111.95 μA/cm 2, 0.74 V, 0.68, and 22.14%, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".