Dowry at Marriage as a Risk Factor in Relationship between Impacts of Dowry, Psychological Distress and Marital Satisfaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Pakistani culture, the dowry system is deeply entrenched, especially for parents who belong to the lower middle class. However, little has been documented about their positive and negative impacts on Pakistani married women. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between positive and negative impacts of dowry, psychological distress, and marital satisfaction in married women, and to investigate the effect of moderation of dowry at marriage on these relationships. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from February to April 2021 in Pakistan. The sample comprised 486 married women including working and non-working from different cities of Punjab. This study was carried out using a purposive convenient sampling technique and questionnaires as a data gathering tool. Results of the study showed that negative impact of dowry was associated with psychological distress and marital satisfaction but this association was not found for positive impact of dowry. Furthermore, moderation results illustrated no dowry at marriage strengthen the effects of negative impact of dowry on psychological distress and weaken the effects of negative impact of dowry on marital satisfaction in married women. Youth and the government should both take action to control this system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".