Phylogenomic time tree of bryophytes resolves 500 million years of diversification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bryophytes are emerging as the sister-group to extant vascular plants, and their current diversity highlights that their life cycle characterized by a dominating vegetative gametophyte and an unbranched sporophyte composes a successful alternative to that of vascular plants and their dominating sporophyte.The evolutionary history of hornworts, liverworts and mosses remains, however, poorly resolved, due in part to the small character space from which to draw shared ancestry.Our understanding of the diversification of these lineages has been significantly reshaped by inferences from molecular data, highlighting extensive homoplasy in various traits and repeated bursts of diversification.Here, we present the first bryophyte time-tree based on 228 nuclear genes sampled via target capture for 531 species with divergence times estimated based on a comprehensive set of fossil calibrations.Our phylogenetic trees reflect a robust backbone, highlight novel ordinal relationships and circumscriptions, and the recognition of 13 new orders of liverworts and mosses.Our time-tree reveals that most orders originated prior to the Cretaceous, confirms the Cretaceous radiation of the hyperdiverse hypnalean mosses and species-rich liverwort clades.This comprehensive resource provides a robust and expandable phylogenomic framework for evolutionary analyses across lineages in this diverse and important group of land plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".