Range expansion within the northern USA by the accidentally introduced Carabus granulatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Palearctic ground beetle Carabus granulatus Linneaus, 1758 has been accidentally introduced to North America on multiple occasions.We review previous reports of its North American colonization history, and document range expansion into northern California, Montana, New York state, Vermont, and Maine.We also review its several reported interceptions.The species is eurytopic, occupying marginal heathland and open wet forest habitats in the Old World, and is not particularly associated with human habitation.New World populations retain these habitat preferences, with established introductions often occurring along coastlines or waterways.Spread by the flightless C. granulatus in North America is compared to two other carabid species introduced to North America: 1, the exceedingly synanthropic, also flightless, Carabus nemoralis Müller; and 2, the flight-capable, extremely eurytopic Nebria brevicollis (F.).Geographic expansion in all three species is positively associated with breadth of habitat preference, dispersal ability, and degree of synanthropic association.For all three species, transport via human activities is an important factor promoting range expansion.Based on the Palearctic distribution of C. granulatus, its North American range can be expected to expand trans-continentally, coalescing populations originating from the independent colonizations, while also expanding southward where habitats meet the ecological criteria necessary for the species' persistence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".